As Reported by Sharon Otterman for The New York Times
He was buried after the Sept. 11 attacks with full honors from theĀ New York Police Department, and proclaimed a hero by the cityās police commissioner. He is cited by name in theĀ Patriot ActĀ as an example of Muslim-American valor.
And Representative Keith Ellison of Minnesota, one of two Muslim members of Congress, was brought to tears during a Congressional hearing in March while describing how the man, a Pakistani-American from Queens, had wrongly beenĀ suspected of involvement in the attacks, before he was lionized as a young police cadet who had died trying to save lives.
Despite this history, Mohammad Salman Hamdani is nowhere to be found in the long list of fallen first responders at the National September 11 Memorial in Lower Manhattan.
Nor can his name be found among those of victims whose bodies were found in the wreckage of the north tower, where his body was finally discovered in 34 parts.
Instead, his name appears on the memorialās last panel for World Trade Center victims, next to a blank space along the south tower perimeter, with the names of others who did not fit into the rubrics the memorial created to give placements meaning. That section is for those who had only a loose connection, or none, to the World Trade Center.
The placement of Mr. Hamdaniās name has fueled the continuing concern and anger about how his legacy was treated soon after the Sept. 11 attacks, when, apparently because of his Pakistani roots, Muslim religion and background as a biochemistry major at Queens College, he fell under suspicion.
His name appeared on a flier faxed to police stations; newspaper headlines amplified his status as a person wanted for questioning.
āThey do not want anyone with a Muslim name to be acknowledged at ground zero with such high honors,ā his mother, Talat Hamdani, 60, said last week at her home in Lake Grove on Long Island, her voice filled with pain. āThey donāt want someone with the name Mohammad to be up there.ā
To Mrs. Hamdani, that her son would not be recognized at the memorial as an official first responder was the latest in a series of injustices that began with a knock on her door from two police officers in October 2001. She, her husband and two other sons had been searching morgues and hospitals for his body. But the officers wanted to ask questions, and they asked for a picture from the refrigerator that showed Mr. Hamdani, 23 when he died, at his Queens College graduation next to a friend who Mrs. Hamdani had told them was from Afghanistan.
It was around the same time that Mr. Hamdaniās official police cadet picture was circulating through police stations on a flier with the handwritten words āHold and detain. Notify: major case squad,āĀ The New York Times later reported. Investigators visited Mr. Hamdaniās dentist and confiscated his dental records, his mother learned.
It was not until March 2002, when the family was finally informed that Mr. Hamdaniās remains had been found in the wreckage more than five months earlier, that the public cloud over his name cleared.
It turned out his was a classic New York story. His family had immigrated from Pakistan when he was 13 months old, his father opening a candy store, his mother becoming a middle school teacher. Mr. Hamdani attended Catholic school in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, until the eighth grade, and then played football for Bayside High School in Queens.
He became a certified emergency medical technician and spent a year volunteering for MetroCare, a private ambulance company. He was a police cadet for three years and had taken the test to enter the academy, but was waiting to see if he was accepted to medical school.
On the morning of Sept. 11, 2001, his family and friends believed, Mr. Hamdani, traveling to work at a DNA analysis lab at Rockefeller University, must have seen the burning towers from the elevated subway tracks in Queens and gone down to help.
āWe have an example of how one can make the world better,ā Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg said of Mr. Hamdani. The mayor was one of the dignitaries who appeared at Mr. Hamdaniās funeral, which was held with full police honors at a mosque off East 96th Street in April 2002.
āSalman stood up when most people would have gone in the other direction,ā Mr. Bloomberg said.
For years, Mrs. Hamdani believed that the police had fully acknowledged her sonās sacrifice. She cherished the weighty brass police cadet badge that the police commissioner, Raymond W. Kelly, had given her, to dispel any doubts about who her son had been.
So it was with shock that she received a notification from the Sept. 11 memorial in 2009 that Mr. Hamdaniās name would be listed among those with āloose connectionsā to the World Trade Center where they died.
She tried calling politicians, even writing a letter to President Obama, from whom she received a respectful but vague hand-signed reply. Her sonās placement had fallen through bureaucratic cracks.
There is no section at the memorial for informal rescue workers, first responders in the literal sense, who were believed to have voluntarily gone to the towers to help but who were not yet full-fledged members of an approved first-responder agency.
Organized groups of victimsā family members settled on the concept of āmeaningful adjacencyā to guide the placement of names, allowing them to place victimsā names next to those of people they worked with or knew. That was no help in the case of Mr. Hamdani, who had apparently not known anyone there.
āThatās where the model falls down,ā said Thomas H. RogĆ©r, a member of the memorial foundationās board who was deeply involved in those discussions. āThat was the sad part about it. If you werenāt affiliated with one of the groups that had a constituency that was at the table, when we were carrying out all these negotiations, then nobody was representing your cause.ā
Meanwhile, the Police Department did not include Mr. Hamdaniās name on its own list of the fallen because āhe was still a student,ā said Paul J. Browne, a department spokesman. AĀ police cadetĀ is the equivalent of a paid college intern with the department, Mr. Browne said, and is not a full-fledged police officer or a recruit enrolled at the academy.
āBut that did not take away from Mohammadās actions that day,ā Mr. Browne said in an e-mail. āIf anything, it magnified them. He didnāt have to respond. It wasnāt his job, but he did anyway.ā
Linda Sarsour, the director of the Arab American Association of New York City, said acknowledging Mr. Hamdani as a first responder āwould be a great gesture to say to the community that we recognize that we have Muslim-Americans who risked their lives or lost their lives on that day, and for that we thank you.ā
Mr. RogĆ©r, of the memorial foundation, wondered if Mr. Hamdaniās name could appear in the Police Departmentās section of the memorial with an asterisk noting that he was a police cadet. The Rev. Chloe Breyer, the executive director of the Interfaith Center of New York, also suggested some compromise.
āIt shows an enormous lack of imagination on the part of theĀ N.Y.P.D.Ā and museum not to figure out a way to acknowledge adequately the special sacrifice he made and that his mother endures daily,ā she said in an e-mail.
Mrs. Hamdani, who has startedĀ a Queens College scholarshipĀ in her sonās name, is still unsure of how much she wants to press the issue. Pride, in the end, is the overwhelming feeling she has for her son.
āYou are equal no matter where you are buried, whether your name is there or not,ā Mrs. Hamdani recalled saying as she stood before his name and the memorialās pouring waterfalls on the 10th anniversary of the attacks. āBy your actions the world remembers you.ā
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